In the next part of my code, I am using the wb_countries function to pull the most recent identifying information about the countries from the World Bank. These ID variables include two different identification codes, iso3c and iso2c as well as regional flags, capital city names and location, and the income level of the country. I have then merged the dataframes together, which gives me a final data frame with all of the identifying information about a given country provided by the World Bank.
countrycode is the main function of the countrycode package. This function takes a vector containing codes or country names and converts it to another coding scheme. When you use this function you have to specify both the coding schemes of the variable you want to convert and what you want to convert it to (the destination). The basic countrycode functionality takes the following arguments:
Code Of The Cow Country Download
The wetland classification codes are a series of letter and number codes that have been developed to adapt the national wetland classification system to map form. These alpha-numeric codes correspond to the classification nomenclature that best describes a particular wetland habitat. For example, PFO1A = Palustrine (P), Forested (FO), Broad-leaved Deciduous (1), Temporarily Flooded (A).
To view full descriptions of wetland codes please visit the Wetlands Mapper. When a wetland polygon is clicked on, the option to view the complete code description is provided. This opens the description tab, which provides users with full details of the classification code for that wetland feature. To decode data in your own mapping environment, please refer to the Wetlands Code Definitions Download Package available below.
The database table in this download provides a crosswalk from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) wetlands data, as defined by the Federal Wetland Mapping Standard, to the complete wetland definitions, as defined by the Federal Wetlands Classification Standard. The table can be joined with the NWI wetlands data using the 'Attribute' field. This will provide users with a full wetland or deepwater habitat description for each polygon. The NWI dataset and associated tables are updated on a biannual basis, typically in October and May. To ensure you have the most up to date information, please refer to the published date in the metadata, and download new data and tables regularly.
Note: The latest version of the wbopendata module is 16.3. This version is required to work with the latest updates to the API as of July 8, 2020. It is available for download from SSC.
wbopendata allows Stata users to download over 3,000series of indicators from the World Bank databases, including: DevelopmentAfrica Development Indicators; Doing Business; Education Statistics; EnterpriseSurveys; Global Development Finance; Gender Statistics; Health Nutrition andPopulation Statistics; International Development Association - ResultsMeasurement System; Millennium Development Goals; World Development Indicators;Worldwide Governance Indicators. These indicators include information from over256 countries and regions, since 1960.
This dataset (aka PACL, ACLP or CGV) is described in Cheibub, Jose Antonio,Jennifer Gandhi, and James Raymond Vreeland. 2010. "Democracy andDictatorship Revisited." Public Choice, vol. 143, no. 2-1, pp. 67-101. DOI:10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2. The full data and codebook can be downloaded here -and-dictatorship-revisited.The documentation below is directly copied from the codebook.
Cheibub, Jose Antonio, Jennifer Gandhi, and James Raymond Vreeland.2010. "Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited." Public Choice, vol. 143, no.2-1, pp. 67-101. DOI: 10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2. The full data and codebookcan be downloaded here -and-dictatorship-revisited
From the introduction to the codebook: We do not assign newcountry codes to countries that experienced changes in their territories butwhich remained in existence after the change. These include, for instance,Pakistan (with the creation of Bangladesh in 1971), Cyprus (with the"creation" of Turkish Cyprus in 1983, a country not recognized as independent
and hence not in this dataset - but over which the "remaining" Cyprus doesnot govern), or Ethiopia (with the creation of Eritrea in 1993). The variablecid provides a country coding that treats these cases as separate countries.
Consolidation of incumbent advantage. Dummy variable coded 1if: (1) the regime year qualifies as a democratic regime and (2) sometimeduring its current tenure in office the incumbents (person, party, militaryhierarchy) unconstitutionally closed the lower houseof the nationallegislature and rewrote the rules in their favor. The rationale for thisvariable is discussed in Przeworski et al. (2000:20-22). We expand the actionthat characterizes consolidation of incumbent advantage to include cases inwhich the incumbent was first elected in multiparty elections but, forwhatever reasons, the incumbent's term was extended and subsequent electionswere postponed (e.g., Angola as of December 31, 2008).
Dummy variable coded 1 for the cases excluded from the set ofdemocracies uniquely because they violate the "alternation" rule; 0otherwise. These are the cases that would be classified as democratic if theonly criteria for democracy were multiparty (direct orindirect) executive andlegislative elections. This, however, as discussed in Przeworski etal(2000:23-29) and in Cheibub, Vreeland and Gandhi (2009), is not sufficient toidentify democracies. In the set of regimes that hold multiparty elections,some do it only because they know the opposition cannot win and othersbecause the opposition would not be allowed to assume office if it won. Thedifficulty is that in many cases there is no historical evidence to allow theobserver to distinguish these cases. Thus, it is possible that we mightidentify as a democracy a case that is a real dictatorship, or as adictatorship a case that is a real democracy. The alternation rule, as wellas the present variable, identifies the cases for which we do not havesufficient information to decide,according to our rules, whether the countryis a democracy or not. Note on the type2 name: A type I error is a falsepositive and a type II error is a false negative. In the original project forwhich this variable was created,dictatorships were coded 1 (positive) anddemocracies 0 (negative). The variable was named to indicate that we had madea decision to avoid type II errors by coding as dictatorships cases thatmight have been a democracy (thus committing type I errors). In the currentcontext, we think of democracy as the positive outcome and dictatorship asthe negative outcome. We should, therefore, rename the variable type1 errorsince we decided to coded possible democracies (real 1s) as dictatorships(real 0s). In the end, it does not matter. What is important is that thisvariable can be used to easily reclassify regimes by either considering allcases coded as 1 in type2 as democracies or attempting to discriminate whichones are democracies and which ones are dictatorships.
Dummy variable coded 1 if the nominal head is or ever was amember of the military by profession, 0 if civilian. Note that we coderetired members of the military as NMIL=1since the shedding of a uniform isnot necessarily enough to indicate the civilian character of a leader. Alsonote that we do not consider rulers who come to power as head of guerillamovements as military. Source: Compiled from Beinen and Van deWalle (1991),Beck et al. (2000), Banks (various years), Zarate (2001), Lentz (1994), andvarious internet sources as marked.
Dummy variable coded 1 if the effective head is or ever was amember of the military by profession, 0 if civilian. Note that we coderetired members of the military as EMIL=1since the shedding of a uniform isnot necessarily enough to indicate the civilian character of a leader. Alsonote that we do not consider rulers who come to power as head of guerillamovements as military. Source: Compiled from Beinen and Van deWalle (1991),Beck et al. (2000), Banks (various years), Zarate (2001), Lentz (1994), andvarious internet sources as marked.
Dummy variable coded 1 if the effective head is of hereditaryroyalty, 0 otherwise. To qualify as royal, the effective head must meet 2qualifications: 1) rule under a title such as kings, emirs, sultans, and 2)have been preceded or succeeded by a relative. Part 1) means that Khama inBotswana, Mutesa in Uganda, Souvanna Phouma in Laos, Mohammed Daud inAfghanistan, and Sihanouk in Cambodia do not qualify as monarchs because theyabdicated their places in the royal line to rule as heads of republics. Part2) means that self-proclaimed royalty such as Bokassa in the Central AfricanRepublic are not monarchs. Source: Banks (various years), Lentz (1994).
Name of the effective head of government.Effective heads are: 1)presidents in presidential democracies; 2) prime ministers in parliamentaryand mixed democracies, except in the cases of Djohar in Comoros andPreval inHaiti; 3) general-secretaries of the communist party in communistdictatorships, except in the case of Deng Xiaoping in China; 4) kings,presidents, and defacto rulers in non-communist dictatorships, except in thecases of Singapore, Malaysia,Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar where the effectivehead is sometimes the prime minister; and 5) military or other figure whensources indicate nominal head is puppet figure. Included are acting orprovisional governments, on the assumption that one cannot distinguishbetween cases in which heads attempted to consolidate power and failed fromcases in which heads did not try to do so. Note that this variable, as allother variables with names beginning with "E," codes effective rulers asopposed to nominal ones. Source: Compiled from Banks (various years), Beinenand Van de Walle (1991),Rulers website, Zarate (2001), and Lentz (1994).
Dummy variable coded 0 for the last year of an effectivehead's tenure due to death or for the last year of effective heads thatlasted beyond the time of the last observation,usually 1996, and 1 otherwise.ecens08 = 0 for rulers who entered as dictators and then legitimately won anelection and became democrats. Source: Compiled from Banks (various years),Beinen and Van de Walle (1991), da Graca (1985), Rulers website,Zarate(2001), and Lentz (1994). 2ff7e9595c
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